Journal of Recent Activities in Infrastructure Science

Assessment of Natural Daylight Performance in Primary School Classrooms with and Without Courtyards in Dhaka

2026-09-07T04:34:53+00:00

The architectural design of many primary schools in Dhaka places greater emphasis on classroom layout than on the incorporation of courtyards, which can significantly improve the availability of natural daylight in classrooms. For this reason, not many primary schools take advantage of courtyards as part of architectural design in order to improve the lighting situation indoors. Proper lighting is important in fostering the health and performance of the children, as most of the time that they spend learning is inside the classroom. Thus, proper natural light is vital in ensuring that the children develop physically and psychologically. This research paper analyzes the contribution of courtyards in enhancing the daylight environment of primary school classrooms. The primary objective is to assess how courtyards influence daylight availability and indoor illuminance levels in classrooms. This study adopted a mixed-method approach, in which indoor illuminance levels were measured using a lux meter in selected classrooms of two primary schools in Dhaka. Additionally, a qualitative analysis was conducted through a questionnaire survey involving 100 students (50 students from each selected school) to gauge their perspectives on daylight performance and visual comfort. The results show that the classrooms with courtyards performed well in terms of achieving high indoor illuminance levels and gaining good ratings from the students in terms of visual comfort and conditions for learning. On the other hand, classrooms without courtyards performed poorly in terms of illuminance levels and satisfaction due to inadequate natural lighting. The conclusion of this research shows that courtyards are a passive architectural approach that is useful in achieving good daylight performance in classrooms.

An Architectural Review and Assessment of the Present Conditions of Sun Temple, Konark, Odisha

2026-10-03T05:02:26+00:00

The Konark Sun Temple, located in Odisha, India, is an important example of Indian temple architecture and one of the most significant monuments associated with the region’s cultural heritage. Built in the 13th century during the reign of King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, the temple was conceived in the form of a chariot dedicated to Surya, the Sun God. Its architectural composition reflects a close relationship between religious beliefs, artistic expression, and scientific understanding, visible in its elaborate carvings, symbolic elements, and spatial arrangement. Despite the deterioration and loss of several parts over time, the monument continues to demonstrate the architectural skill and craftsmanship of the period. This paper presents an architectural review and assessment of the Konark Sun Temple, focusing on its historical background, architectural features, materials, construction techniques, scientific significance, present condition, and conservation efforts. The study is based on secondary sources, including books, journals, conference proceedings, newspaper articles, and relevant web-based material. The review considers the major components of the temple complex, including the sanctum, Jagamohana, Natya Mandapa, Bhoga Mandapa, Mayadevi Temple, and Vaishnava Temple. It also examines the use of chlorite, laterite, and khondalite in construction and their relevance to the present condition of the monument. Particular attention is given to structural damage, weathering, stone erosion, corrosion, and deterioration of carved surfaces. The study also reviews ongoing preservation and conservation measures and highlights the importance of continued monitoring and appropriate conservation practices for the long-term protection of the monument.