NO- 2, NO- 3 and PO-3 4 Removal Through Hydro-Char Derived from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Coconut Shells: A Review

Abstract

The release of leachates from sanitary landfills poses a significant threat to human and
environmental health due to organic and inorganic pollutants. This risk is concerning because it
could have severe human and environmental health consequences. To prevent these contaminants
from reaching water sources that could be contaminated at any moment, it is crucial to eliminate
them as soon as possible. They need to do this before they can enter. Today, a large number of
treatment facilities across the globe are overseen by individuals who have undergone rigorous
training and are responsible for guaranteeing the production of high-quality effluent. These
experts are responsible for ensuring the production of such effluent. The results of the study
demonstrated that several therapeutic technologies were very effective in alleviating the symptoms
of specified diseases. It is possible to broadly classify these technologies into four groups: natural
technology systems, chemical treatment, biological treatment, and physical treatment. A variety of
technologies come together to form each of these groups. This review aims to make landfill
leachate, which contains phosphate and many other pollutants, easier to understand by explaining
the substance and a list of different ways it can be treated. Techniques involving adsorption were
considered more frequently than any other. By utilizing hydrochar, a byproduct of biomass
conversion, these pollutants were successfully removed. Using this adsorption technique, these
contaminants were successfully removed. Vegetable and fruit peels, plant and fruit fibres, and
industrial waste are bio-waste ingredients. These biowaste products can precisely control pore
shape, have a large surface area, and exchange cations. They are physically prepared as
adsorbents in a way that adheres to the principles of green chemistry. Everything is carried out in
conformity with the principles. Another factor that improves the economic viability and
sustainability of bio-adsorbents is their capacity to be used repeatedly for multiple cycles.
Hydrothermal processing is highlighted as a practical approach to treating biomass with high
moisture content, and the review also delves into the process of converting biomass generally.
Efficiently converting biomass with a high moisture content in water allows for eliminating drying
steps, resulting in energy savings. Minimizing water consumption is another benefit of this
process.