Artificial Intelligence and Democratic Futures in Uganda

Abstract

The rapid spread of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in public institutions raises important questions about its effects on democracy. In Uganda, the government increasingly uses AI to improve efficiency and strengthen public sector performance. This study explores how AI influences democratic governance through two key projects: the National Identification and Biometric Systems Project and the Uganda Revenue Authority’s AI-powered tax fraud detection system. These projects show how technology is now central to state operations, influencing how citizens interact with government. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines literature review, case studies, and interviews with officials and civil society actors, the study investigates how AI systems are designed, managed, and implemented. Findings show that both projects improve administrative performance through faster verification and accurate fraud detection. However, they also create challenges. The biometric ID system risks excluding marginalized groups due to limited infrastructure and access inequalities. The URA’s algorithmic system lacks transparency, making decision-making difficult to contest. Guided by the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) theory, the study argues that AI is not neutral. It reflects existing political interests and institutional contexts. Uganda’s experience provides important lessons for developing countries aiming to use AI responsibly to strengthen democracy, accountability, and public trust.