Padma Lochan Pradhan, and Sandeep Dwarakanath Pande. “A Unified Disparate Impact Ratio (DIR) Framework for Data Science: Assessing Fairness, Model Fit, and Predictive Risk”. Journal of Statistics and Mathematical Engineering, vol. 12, no. 3, Oct. 2026, pp. 12-26, https://matjournals.net/engineering/index.php/JOSME/article/view/4209.