Journal of Advance Electrical Engineering and Devices

Computational Study of Performance Dependence of SnO2: F/i-SnO2 /CdS /Cu2ZnSn (SxSe1–x)4 Solar Cell on S/Se Molar Composition

2025-02-17T11:27:32+00:00

Characteristics of high efficiency, heterojunction solar cell with Cu₂ZnSn(S_xSe_1–x)₄ (CZTSSe) absorber layer, CdS buffer layer, and bilayers of SnO₂:F (FTO) and undoped SnO₂ Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCOs) was comprehensively investigated by numerical simulation. Notably, the kesterite structure of CZTSSe offers advantages such as an ideal direct bandgap (1–1.5 eV), high absorption coefficient, and earth-abundant constituent materials, making it an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional photovoltaic materials. The cell performance was explored by varying sulphur and selenium molar fractions in the absorber layer, providing insights into the effects of molar composition on device efficiency. The composition-dependent optimization demonstrated that efficiency initially increases with sulphur content, reaching a maximum before declining. Maximum efficiency of 21.09% is achieved when Cu₂ZnSn(S_0.6Se_0.4)₄ absorber layer is used. A maximum efficiency of 21.35% was achieved when Cu₂ZnSn(S_0.8Se_0.2)₄ absorber layer with textured front surface with an angle of 54.74°is used, which significantly enhances the light absorption capability. Variation of solar cell irradiation revealed that the electrical performance parameters of the cell increase with light intensity. Maximum open circuit voltage was 981 mV for Cu₂ZnSnS₄, and maximum short-circuit current was found to be 91.02 mA/cm² for Cu₂ZnSnSe₄ with textured front surface under 2000 W/m² irradiation. Variations in absorber layer thickness were also analyzed. The saturated open circuit voltage for Cu₂ZnSn(S_0.6Se_0.4)₄ is 789.6 mV with plane front and the optimum thickness is 2.87 µm and for Cu₂ZnSn(S_0.8Se_0.2)₄ saturated open circuit voltage is 881.1 mV with textured front with optimum thickness 4.2 µm. The short circuit current density saturation occurs at 36.4 mA/cm² with 15 µm and 32.3 mA/cm² with 15 µm for and Cu₂ZnSn(S_0.6Se_0.4)₄ and Cu₂ZnSn(S_0.8Se_0.2)₄, respectively. Efficiency saturates at 24.4 % for Cu₂ZnSn(S_0.8Se_0.2)₄ and at 23.5% for Cu₂ZnSn(S_0.6Se_0.4)₄ for 15 µm. These findings suggest that CZTSSe-based solar cells are a promising solution for sustainable, high-efficiency photovoltaic technology.

Advanced Design and Performance Analysis of 64-Bit 6T SRAM

2025-01-24T08:52:12+00:00

The 6-Transistor (6T) SRAM cell is a fundamental component of integrated circuit memory, known for its efficient data storage and rapid access times. This report details the design and functionality of a 64-bit 6T SRAM, structured by arranging multiple 8x8 matrices of 6T SRAM cells. Each SRAM cell, made up of six MOSFETs, is intricately designed to store one bit of data, allowing the entire 64-bit memory block to hold 8 bytes of information. To ensure the seamless operation of this 64-bit memory block, various circuits are utilized, including column decoders, row decoders, control circuits, and IO blocks. These auxiliary circuits enable the cascading of SRAM cells, ensuring that each bit is accurately stored and retrieved as needed. Specifically, the column and row decoders focus on accessing particular memory cells in the array, the control circuits manage the read and write operations, and the IO blocks handle data input and output. In this 64-bit 6T SRAM design, integrating operational circuits enhances its performance and reliability, contributing to overall robustness. The architecture is characterized by fast access times, making it suitable for high-speed computing applications requiring a dependable storage solution capable of withstanding various operational stresses. This design represents the peak of engineering precision, essential for modern memory systems, combining Speed, efficiency, and reliability in a sophisticated manner.

Modelling and Controlling of Electric Wheelchairs for Disabled Persons

2025-03-03T11:29:08+00:00

Typically, wheelchairs are transported manually with the help of a companion, a joystick, or both. For individuals with disabilities, alternative methods of pushing or controlling a wheelchair are necessary. Wheelchairs are utilized by individuals who require them because they are unable to walk as a result of various factors such as disease, accidents, and disabilities. According to the global report on disability, approximately 15% of the world’s population, or 131.8 million individuals, have a disability. Additionally, it is estimated that 1.85% of the world’s population, or 1.85 million people, use a wheelchair. The wheelchair was created by considering the entire body, from its design to simulation and manufacturing processes. In its most basic form, we resemble a three-wheeled electric wheelchair with a hub motor that propels the wheel when powered by a battery. For individuals who are unable to walk, frames and wheels are specifically designed to assist them. The primary goal of this project is to create an automated wheelchair that is practical, affordable, and user-friendly.

A Sustainable Method for Farming: Solar-powered Water Pumping Systems

2025-02-12T05:26:36+00:00

Agricultural technology is evolving rapidly, and the integration of renewable energy solutions like Photovoltaic (PV) systems offers great potential. This paper focuses on the application of solar energy in agriculture, specifically by implementing a solar-powered water pumping system. The system uses solar panels to generate DC electricity and power water pumps for irrigation or livestock. The system’s key components include solar panels, batteries for energy storage, and water pumps. Solar cells, the fundamental units of the system, convert sunlight into electrical energy. The DC generated is either used directly to power pumps during daylight hours or stored in batteries for later use. The primary aim of this paper is to explain how solar-powered water pumping systems operate and highlight their advantages over traditional energy sources, such as fossil fuels. Additionally, the paper discusses the system’s application in remote agricultural areas, offering a sustainable, cost-effective solution to water pumping in regions where electricity is unreliable or unavailable.