Exploring Human Waste Based Biogas Production for Power Generation in Nigeria: A Sustainable Energy Solution
Keywords:
Anaerobic digestion, Biogas, Decentralized electricity generation, Human excreta, Septic tank biodigesterAbstract
Nigeria’s electricity sector continues to experience persistent challenges that negatively affect economic growth, public health, and social development, particularly in rural and off-grid communities. This study examines the feasibility of generating electricity from biogas produced using human excreta as a decentralised and sustainable energy solution, while also addressing sanitation and waste management issues. The paper reviews the current status of human excreta-based biogas development in Nigeria and observes that existing applications are largely limited to cooking and heating, with minimal emphasis on electricity generation. Key anaerobic digestion processes suitable for human waste are examined, including microbial conversion mechanisms, biogas composition, and factors influencing methane yield. The study also discusses biogas purification and upgrading techniques required to improve fuel quality for power generation. Special attention is given to the modification of conventional septic tanks into cost-effective bioflex biodigesters using locally available materials. Electricity conversion options are evaluated, with emphasis on the use of modified spark-ignition generator sets, demonstrating stable performance and favorable combustion characteristics of biogas. Furthermore, the economic, environmental, and social implications of deploying human excreta-based biogas systems in Nigeria are assessed. The findings indicate that biogas derived from human waste can support reliable small- and medium-scale electricity generation, making it a viable option for improving energy access, strengthening sanitation infrastructure, and promoting long-term sustainable development in Nigeria.
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