Advance Research in Communication Engineering and its Innovations

Real-time Vehicle Detection and Counting for Smart Traffic Monitoring System Using Computer Vision

Viswanatha V — 2026-05-19

Rapid urbanization and the continuous increase in vehicle population have created major challenges in traffic monitoring and road management. Conventional manual vehicle counting methods require significant human effort, consume time, and often lead to inaccurate results under heavy traffic conditions. To address these limitations, this study presents a real-time vehicle counting system using computer vision techniques for automated traffic analysis. The proposed system processes live or recorded video streams captured from roadside cameras and identifies moving vehicles using an object detection framework. Detected vehicles are tracked across consecutive frames, and a counting mechanism is applied when vehicles cross a predefined virtual line. The system is designed to operate efficiently under varying traffic densities and provides instant vehicle count information for monitoring purposes. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the model achieves reliable counting accuracy with low processing delay, making it suitable for real-world deployment. The developed solution can support traffic signal optimization, congestion analysis, parking management, and smart city transportation planning. Future enhancements may include vehicle classification, speed estimation, and integration with cloud-based analytics platforms.

Performance of Linear Detectors in Uplink NOMA Massive MIMO System

Bhogeshrao Deshpande — 2026-06-20

The rapid growth of connected devices and data-intensive applications has created significant challenges for future wireless communication systems in terms of spectral efficiency, connectivity, and transmission reliability. To address these requirements, this work investigates an uplink Cooperative Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) framework combined with Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (Massive MIMO) and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) techniques. The proposed system enables multiple users to share identical radio resources through power domain multiplexing while employing cooperative relaying to improve the communication quality of users experiencing unfavourable channel conditions. SC-FDMA is incorporated as the uplink transmission scheme to achieve reduced peak-to-average power ratio and enhanced power efficiency. The system performance is evaluated over Rayleigh fading channels using MATLAB simulations. A comparative analysis of linear detection techniques, namely Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC), Zero Forcing (ZF), and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE), is carried out based on Bit Error Rate (BER) performance under different signal-to-noise ratio levels and antenna configurations. Simulation results indicate that increasing the number of base station antennas substantially enhances detection performance by providing improved spatial diversity and interference suppression. Among the considered detectors, MMSE demonstrates superior BER performance, particularly in moderate and low SNR regions. The integration of Cooperative NOMA, Massive MIMO, and SC FDMA provides a robust uplink transmission framework capable of improving reliability, spectral utilization, and energy efficiency, making it a promising candidate for next-generation and beyond 5G wireless communication networks.

Development of an Electric Vehicle Communication Platform using CAN, SPI, and LIN Intelligent Relay Management

Poonam J. Yadav — 2026-06-30

Today’s electric cars rely on various signalling methods plus electronic parts to keep systems running smoothly. A test setup described here combines three kinds of data links - SPI, CAN, and LIN - alongside flexible relay handling. Instead of slow wiring, SPI moves information quickly over small gaps to detectors and add-ons. Main computing modules - the VCU, BMS, and drive converter - talk through CAN, which holds up well under stress and responds fast. For simpler tasks like managing lights or windows, LIN cuts costs without needing heavy hardware. Each protocol fits a different role, balancing speed, reliability, and expense across the car's nervous system. Despite their compact size, flex relays manage both high- and low-power circuits without risk. Through hands-on exploration, the system reveals how EVs exchange data, link protocols, and execute control logic. This approach builds familiarity with actual electric vehicle operations over time.

Visible Light Communication based text transmission using Arduino

V. Jeyalakshmi — 2026-07-16

Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) employs visible light for data transmission and offers advantages such as high throughput, low cost, compact hardware, and immunity to radio frequency interference. This work describes the design and implementation of a compact, low-cost Li-Fi system for wireless text transmission using off-the-shelf LEDs and an LDR (light-dependent resistor). The transmitter converts keypad input into 8-bit ASCII binary codes via an Arduino NANO, and then encodes the bits as rapid LED on/off pulses. A receiver consisting of an LDR and the receiver-side Arduino Nano senses the light variations, decodes the timing information back into the characters and presents recovered text on an LCD. The system is optimized for short, line-of-sight links and provides improved physical security compared with conventional RF links because visible light does not penetrate opaque barriers. Experimental evaluation demonstrated 100% text reconstruction accuracy over line-of-sight distances of 5–15 cm under standard indoor lighting, with signal degradation observed beyond 30 cm due to reduced LDR voltage swing and under high ambient illumination. Its simple architecture and inexpensive components make it suitable for environments where radio communication is restricted and for educational or prototyping applications exploring secure, short-range optical wireless communication.

Performance Enhancement of Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Systems using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

Minah-Eeba W — 2026-07-24

Underwater Wireless Optical Communication (UWOC) has emerged as a favorable technology for high-speed underwater data transmission. However, its performance is considerably affected by absorption, scattering, and oceanic turbulence. This study examines the application of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) to improve the reliability and efficiency of UWOC technologies. A RIS-assisted UWOC system was deployed and demonstrated using MATLAB and integrating Beer-Lambert attenuation, adaptive phase shift optimization, and Gamma-Gamma turbulence. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to evaluate the system performance under different channel conditions using parameters such as Bit Error Rate (BER), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), channel capacity, outage probability, and spectral efficiency. The results showed that the proposed RIS-assisted system achieved a BER of , an SNR of , a channel capacity of , and a spectral efficiency of , overtaking conventional UWOC systems. The outage probability was considerably reduced, showing better-quality communication reliability under turbulent underwater conditions. The findings show that RIS technology effectively mitigate underwater channel impairments and improves signal propagation, making RIS-assisted UWOC a viable solution for future high-speed, reliable, and energy-efficient underwater communication networks supporting marine monitoring, offshore exploration and Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) applications.